Mass to Energy easier than Energy to Mass?

The reason we say mass and energy are the same thing is because how we distinguish them is just a matter of bookkeeping – which depends on our point of view. But if you think of heat as a form of energy rather than of mass, then it is indeed easier to convert mass to energy than vice versa.

When a chemical reaction reorganizes matter into a state of lower potential energy, such as for example whenever we burn a fuel, the energy released typically gets converted to kinetic energy and quickly distributed among many particles of a larger system in the form of what we call heat (which is impossible to fully recover in the form of usable work). An observer looking in detail at the system will see each molecule as having a tiny bit less mass than its component atoms (by an amount corresponding to the binding energy) with the total of all these differences also corresponding to the increased kinetic (heat) energy of the molecules.

On the other hand, when we break apart a chemical bond then we must provide some amount of energy and the resulting masses of the components will add up to that much more than the mass of the molecule. But if we want to do so in a consistent way (such as in electrolysis of H2O or carbon capture from CO2) then we need to provide the energy in a very specific way that is not so trivially easy to set up as just exposing fuel to oxygen.

However, if we measure the mass of the system as a whole (either gravitationally, or as inertia at starting from rest), then the result we get includes not just the masses of all its molecules but also their kinetic energies relative to its centre of mass. And that total (which includes all of the heat energy in the system) remains absolutely constant and never either increases or decreases.

Source: (858) Alan Cooper’s answer to Why is converting mass to energy easier than converting energy to mass if they are the same thing? – Quora

Virtual Particles and Conservation of Energy

Virtual particles are never observed directly, so (subject to the limits of experimental error) we don’t actually ever see any violation of conservation of energy.

What virtual particles are is just a part of one particular method for calculating probabilities of events that we do see; but this is not even the same as saying we observe them indirectly, as the various possibilities with different numbers of such particles all contribute to the overall calculation – with no specific numbers ever being required to actually exist.

The use of virtual particles is analogous to Feynman’s path integral approach to quantum mechanics where, as an alternative to solving the Schrodinger equation by traditional methods, Feynman noted that the probability amplitudes predicted from it for going from one event to another could also be calculated by adding up contributions from all conceivable paths between the two events (including unphysical ones). But neither the unphysical paths nor the unphysical particle number histories need to be considered as anything that actually happens.

Another point that is often made in answers to this question is that the contributions from paths or particle histories that violate conservation of energy are inversely proportional to the time durations of those violations in a way that is consistent with Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle \Delta E \Delta t < \frac{h}{4\pi}. But I am not sure how much this helps – other than to explain how (as pointed out in yet a third set of answers) “laws” of physics are not absolute but just expressions of the limits of what, according to current theories, we expect to see – and indeed conservation of energy can appear to be violated if we try to measure things too quickly (though the “violation” can be interpreted as just due to our inability to measure both energy and time with sufficient simultaneous accuracy).

Source: (1000) Alan Cooper’s answer to I’m a 17-year-old boy from Turkey. I recently read your article about virtual particles and conversation of energy. Could you explain why these particles don’t break the this law scientifically? – Quora