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It is important to identify and reject both false arguments for a position one believes to be true and claims which make a false extension of that position. But when someone professing to be an “Honest Broker” focuses exclusively on such rejections on one side of an argument it becomes hard not to suspect that they are engaged in some kind of covert support for those who deny the position they claim to agree with.

This suspicion is strengthened when the rejected extreme position is not actually being put forward – except by the “Honest Broker” himself as a straw man to be cut down.

A case in point is the analogy drawn by some between CO2 emissions and a thermostat. No-one has suggested that reducing CO2 emissions now would have any immediate effect on heat wave intensity or frequency but rather just that if we don’t cut emissions then there is a good chance that the heat waves will get worse. In terms of the analogy there is a furnace but no AC and the thermostat has been turned up so the furnace is on. Turning it down is essential to prevent further heating but will not immediately make us cooler.

Pielke includes a disclaimer that “Getting to net zero still makes sense even though it is not a solution to heat waves or other extreme weather events . . .The fact that carbon dioxide is not an extreme weather control knob does not weaken the case for reducing emissions.” But his claim that “many climate advocates are justifying their calls for net zero based on a false promise — that emissions reductions will improve the weather” is itself false – and serves only to unfairly malign the credibility of all “climate advocates”.

Source: Why Cutting Emissions Can’t Fix Europe’s Heat Waves

The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis if often touted as some kind of necessary extension of current thinking about Biology. However is not a theory but rather just a “conceptual framework” or metaphor. And in fact, I see no reason not to expect that “the Modern Synthesis is already flexible enough to absorb these concepts without needing a ‘new’ framework”.

Indeed, it’s a mistake to suggest that anyone serious considers random genetic mutations as “driving” evolution, or that “DNA dictates everything upward, and nothing changes DNA backward”. The fact that “physiological, top-down signals from the cell and the tissue can actively dictate how genes behave and inherit traits” is well known and can be understood to be something that evolved purely by the process of natural selection. And if ever evolution eventually gets managed by some organism making deliberate changes to its own and other genomes (and epigenomes) then, although it may make sense and be more efficient as a prediction tool to use the idea of the managers’ motivation as a “causal” factor, the fact will remain that the whole process could also be “explained” as a result of natural selection having acted on random mutations with the effect (but not the “goal”) of eventually producing a species with that directive capacity. (But, even if that capacity leads to some period of dominance by its possessors, it will not have been selected for until already achieved and the selective pressures leading up to it were for characteristics and behaviours that gave other advantages rather than with having such intelligent self design in “mind” from the outset.)

What I will agree with the EES proponents on, though, is that there may have been a brief period when it was considered possible that DNA might be the only carrier of hereditary information in an organism, and that failure to discuss alternatives may contribute to a sense that none exist. The main reason for not discussing alternatives in justifications for Natural Selection as an explanation for evolution is just that DNA is the most easily understood mechanism of inheritance and is known to be mutable at a rate which is sufficient for selection from random mutations of DNA alone to be sufficient to explain much of the variety of life forms around us. The fact that some mutations may be due to changes in the epigenetic environment rather than just in the DNA sequence itself only increases the plausibility of the basic thesis that natural selection applied to the effects of random mutation is a sufficient explanation for that variety.

Source: (1002) Why does this Space rarely talk about the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES)? Most of our discussions here do a fantastic job of debunking creationist ‘random chance’ myths by explaining the beautiful, non-random power of natural selection. But –

My own question requires one less word than that posed by former Bloomberg columnist and now Substack writer Noah Smith.

But his concern that writing for a Substack is less “conversational” than his previous role surprises me. There are certainly problems with the subscription model, but it does seem to provide ample opportunity for conversation by responding to comments, notes, and restacks. Perhaps though Smith is less interested in conversation with mere readers than with his fellow elite “pundits”.

Source: Does anything I write matter anymore? – by Noah Smith

This article does present some techniques that might be useful for someone struggling with OCD or other similar conditions.

Source: How to relax your own rules and build psychological flexibility | Psyche Guides

The idea that certain kinds of political extremism and Milgram followerism are not universal but linked to a particularly “rigid” thinking style is interesting. And while the possibility that such rigidity is innate in a significant fraction of the population is scary, the alternative that greater flexibility can be learned is encouraging.

But it is unfortunate that the only reference provided in the article to techniques for increasing flexibility is focused on individuals who may want to achieve it for personal therapeutic reasons, while there is no suggested path towards increasing the amount of mental flexibility in the population at large.

Source: The thinking style that makes people vulnerable to extremism | Psyche Ideas

Scott Santens has a good idea when he says “Tax Stock the Way Companies Already Issue It” (ie by requiring an annual dilution rate in favor of the UBI distribution). But I suspect that the number of people who would be above the cutoff for a negative net effect is higher if the analysis includes those with retirement income coming from large group pension funds.
And I also think that we should not neglect the option of taxing all wealth transfers (including inheritances and gifts) as income in the year received.

Source: (2) Comments – How Do We Pay for Universal Basic Income? Tax Stock the Way Companies Already Issue It.

The article Science Media Amplifies Male Scientists’ Voices Over Female Ones (from ‘The Scientist‘) is an embarrassment to the cause it purports to serve.

It is true and regrettable that women are underrepresented in the sciences as a whole – and at the senior levels even in broad areas (such as health sciences as a whole) where they may actually constitute a majority. But the claim that science media are selecting against them is not supported by the observation that they are cited less frequently unless their deficit in citations is greater than might be explained by that in seniority.

By appearing to assume that it is, the author of the article discredits not just herself and her journal, but also the very idea of women’s capacity for serious thinking.

Source: Science Media Amplifies Male Scientists’ Voices Over Female Ones | The Scientist

A recent article in Scientific American promotes the views of someone who “has spent his entire career championing and extending de Broglie’s views” and “recently spoke to Scientific American about his lonely(!) path and why de Broglie might have been on to something” without any specific acknowledgement that the vast majority of physicists are well aware of this “pilot wave” theory and do not believe that there is any significant chance that it “might explain what’s wrong with quantum mechanics“.

Source: A 100-year-old theory might explain what’s wrong with quantum mechanics | Scientific American

YES (but).

The best answer so far (to this Quora question) has been suppressed (perhaps by a downvote), but here’s my version.

The “wiring” is not for religion per se (and certainly not for any particular version), but religious beliefs of various kinds are a frequent consequence of a couple of features of the human brain that have clear survival value and so have been subject to enhancement by natural selection.

One, which has been noted in many answers, is a tendency to attribute agency to any observed phenomenon. The survival cost of wrongly ignoring the sound of rustling leaves is much greater than that of wrongly imagining that it might be caused by a predator. So it is not surprising that we are liable to wrongly imagine that the rising sun also is caused by the will of some conscious agent.

Another, which has been mentioned less frequently in the answers and is admittedly a bit controversial(*) among evolutionary theorists, is our tendency to band together in competing groups of not necessarily related individuals and to identify allies and enemies by shared features that may go beyond what we inherit as individuals – such as for example bodily decorations by paint, tattoo, uniforms, gang or team colours, etc. as well as ritual behaviours and profession of shared “beliefs” (with silly and irrational ones perhaps being even more effective at indicating mutual loyalty).

A third, which may be just an extension of the second, is our propensity to suppress our own judgement and follow designated group leaders, not just by force of direct dominance but also via the delegated authority of intermediaries – which I suspect may have been what gave the modern “Cro Magnon(?)” humans an advantage over the possibly bigger-brained Neanderthals by enabling the cohesion of bigger tribal groups.

(*) – As an addendum I would note that the controversy among evolutionary theorists is with regard to the existence and importance of “group selection”, and that I do indeed have a definite opinion on this.

Source: (1002) Alan Cooper’s answer to Can evolutionary biology explain why human brains are wired for religious belief? – Quora

It’s not that scientists are immune to having silly ideas and/or falling prey to invalid arguments. But they are all subject to possible experimental disproof of their predictions and, perhaps as a result of having to often admit they are wrong, their community is also reasonably rigorous about noticing and reaching consensus about rejecting invalid arguments (even when they seem to make correct predictions).

Philosophers, on the other hand, perhaps due to not having the benefit of frequent exposure to irrefutable correction, seem unable to reach a consensus rejecting even the most egregious examples of silly invalid argument (despite advertising themselves to the world as the go-to experts on checking validity).

A case in point is the claim that Infinite Dust Specks Are Worse Than One Torture.

The account linked to above repeats a couple of major errors that are common in pseudo-mathematical analyses of ethical problems.

One is the assumption that there is an actual ordered quantity that reflects the net well being or pain level of an individual. But this is almost surely not the case. It is quite possible and even seems most likely that our feeling about an experience has several independent components and that our ranking of experiences suffers from the same kind of non-transitivity as is known to lead to “paradoxical” effects in multi-candidate elections where it is indeed possible that the electorate can, in two way races prefer A to B and B to C but still prefer C to A. And it is also possible that both our relative weightings of the criteria and our rankings according to each criterion are not constant and are affected by many things such as our recent experience and even just hormones and brain chemistry.

Another is the fact that many philosophical analyses of ethical problems ignore the existence of empathy and so talk as if it is possible to torture one individual without causing emotional pain to others who know about it or at least as if for any torture that happens there is no chance that it may become widely known about. But it is easy to construct models in which the potential suffering caused by knowledge of the torture is included in the analysis in such a way that, for everyone, the expected gain from elimination of the torture of one other is much greater than the pain of a dust mote.

Source: Infinite Dust Specks Are Worse Than One Torture (by Bentham’s Bulldog on Substack)

Once again a Quoran tries to ask a “gotcha” question about the fact that geologically recent ice cores show CO2 lagging temperature over the last few glaciation periods.

One key point is that it is NOT true that temperature rises always precede the rise in CO2. As noted by Richard Rothwell (6years ago!) “If the trigger event is an increase in CO2 due to a massive increase in volcanic activity, then CO2 will rise first and the temperature rise will follow.” And as pointed out by Elijah Williams (3years ago) a good example of this is the Permian Extinction event when “Massive volcanic emissions increased CO2 from around 400ppm to over 2000 (maybe even over 6000) ppm over the course of 75 thousand years. This caused rapid increases in temperature, ocean hypoxia and acidification, and very nearly did render Earth uninhabitable. ‘The Great Dying’ wiped out over 80% of all genera and is the greatest extinction event we know of.”

Another example of CO2 increase preceding temperature rise is happening right now. We can see that CO2 has been going up more and more rapidly for a couple of centuries, but it is only within the last 50 years or so that the consequent increase in temperature has become undeniably measurable (even though any competent physicist could have told you it was bound to follow – at least since Arrhenius did an approximate calculation in 1896).

But as the ice cores show, it can also go the other way because A causes B does not necessarily mean that B does not cause A.

Of course, when B does also cause A we get what is called positive feedback and the risk of testing how far that might go by playing FAFO with the CO2 vs Temperature situation is somewhat more serious than a burned out amplifier in your sound system.

Source: (1002) Alan Cooper’s answer to What real hard evidence do we have that CO2 is actually driving the increase in temperature? We know from ice core samples that initial temperature rises always preceded the rise in CO2 by several centuries. Correlation is not causation. – Quora

Source: What About the Ice Cores? – Physics Notes

This article is complete nonsense! What the evidence shows is just that more modern humans descend from Neanderthal Dad and Human Mom (NDHM) than vice versa. This says NOTHING about the frequency of actual pairings. All it says is that more descendants of NDHM pairings ended up in Human Tribes than those of HDNM pairings. Or in blunter terms that there were more cases of Humans raped by Neanderthals or Neanderthal males being adopted into Human tribes than of Neanderthal women adopted into Human tribes. Nothing in the evidence rules out either mass rape of Neanderthals by Humans or of Human males joining and mating into Neanderthal tribes. All that is ruled out is widespread adoption of Neanderthal women and their children into Human tribes. Source: Neanderthal dad, human mum: study reveals ancient procreation pattern

I don’t know why paedophilia (as an urge) should be treated differently from any other tendency towards intolerable behaviour.

According to our current standards, if the threat of imprisonment or other punishment is enough to deter the behaviour, then it is indeed considered appropriate. But if psychiatric assessment of the perpetrator convinces the court that the compulsion is so strong as to be undeterred by such threats, then involuntary treatment and indefinite “non-punitive” confinement are considered an acceptable alternative.

And the question of pre-emptive identification and treatment is also much more widely relevant.

Sources: If paedophilia is a compulsion, is imprisonment the solution? | Aeon Essays

and Linking crime and genetics need not be an act of eugenics |Aeon Essays

Elon Musk’s incredibly stupid claim that “Those without children lack a stake in the future” overlooks the fact that, even on a purely biological level, evolution favours an organism that cares, at least to some extent, for relatives that are not its direct descendants. And while it is statistically more evolutionarily effective to care more about direct descendants than others, there is always the possibility that in any particular case a distant relative may carry a closer match to the individual’s genome than any of its direct descendants. Furthermore the “stake” we actually feel may be based on more than just the number of matching alleles. We may value some of our characteristics more than others – even to the extent of rejecting offspring who fail to carry one specific feature despite matching on almost all the rest. (A case in point being the “genes” for altruism and moral judgement, which are really the most selfish of all in that they often do cause their carrier to make such a rejection of its co-genomic peers in favour of an individual whose genome might otherwise be very different but matches on their own particular issue.)

Musk goes on to say “You cannot understand my point until you have a child, anymore than someone who has never experienced true love can understand love.”

Of course, on an emotional level, parenthood may cause us to feel our stake in the future more strongly. And the extent of that feeling is something none of us can truly know until we experience it. But anyone who feels no such stake until they have children of their own is probably some kind of psychopath. And I am happy to declare that I don’t know what it feels like to be so selfish. So now I may be beginning to understand Elon’s perverted point without truly understanding what it feels like to be in his shoes.

Jesse Singal identifies Musk’s claim of special understanding as “Standpoint Epistemology” and makes some interesting points about its use by “woke” progressives. But although it is true that some advocates of “identitarian deference” towards members of marginalized groups may have made use of it, I think that there is a much stronger argument on the basis of a need for some kind of affirmative action to counterbalance the effect of previous periods of marginalization. And for me at least, I see “identitarian deference” as more a matter of hearing and paying attention than of necessarily accepting a view as correct.

Source: Elon Musk, Standpoint Epistemologist – by Jesse Singal

Should we be concerned that (according to Gloria Mark, Chancellor’s Professor of Informatics at the University of California Irvine) in 2004 people averaged two and a half minutes on any screen before switching tasks, but by 2016 that had fallen to 47 seconds?

So far today, I have scanned over a hundred email headers at about one second each before hitting the delete button and I have opened a couple of dozen for a quick look at the contents lasting maybe ten seconds before I figured I knew what the main point was. So even restricting to the screens I actually opened I could spend up to 15 minutes on the one that I found interesting before bringing my average time per screen up to 47 seconds.

A reduction in the maximum time that people can spend on one topic might be cause for concern, but the ability to quickly scan many sources may actually be valuable even though it brings down the average time per screen.

What is more concerning to me is the design of pages that maintain unwarranted engagement for the benefit of advertisers rather than those that encourage rapid switching.

And with regard to non-text modes, I know of none that beats text for the purpose of scanning content. So I generally avoid video and auditory input except when I have decided that I really do need to engage more deeply with the material.

Source: What we think is a decline in literacy is a design problem | Aeon Essays

Small modular nuclear fission reactors seem well suited to serve isolated communities in Canada’s far North that are hard to service by grid connection to larger generating stations (and which are now dependent on expensive polluting diesel fuel whose delivery can be interrupted by many factors).

But even small nuclear reactors are expensive and may produce more power than a small community actually needs. This, together with the ample supply of open space and cold air, might make these communities ideal locations for investment by the owners of AI processing and data centres which might provide both electrical power and a useable heat source along with some employment and improved internet connectivity.

So perhaps it’s time to build this combo into Canada’s northern development strategy.

Source: Europe To Big Tech: We Don’t Want You, Either

A fish becoming (or even giving birth to) an elephant would be evidence against evolution not to prove it. Evolution is based on the idea (and observed fact) that organisms (even ones that undergo metamorphosis like butterflies and frogs) never actually change species during their lifetimes, and that the immediate descendants of any individual differ only slightly from their parents. It is only over many generations that small differences between distant cousins may accumulate to the extent that they are no longer mutually fertile and so form different species.

But although no fish ever became an elephant, there is a clear line of fossil records showing how (over almost half a billion years – which may be a bit longer than you have actually been looking) descendants of some fish became more and more like what we call tetrapods, which had descendants that were amphibians, some of which had descendants that were reptiles, some of which had descendants that were birds and others of which had descendants that were mammals, and some of these mammals were elephants.

The beginning of this story is that the first land vertebrates, or tetrapods, evolved from lobe-finned fish (sarcopterygians) approximately 375–390 million years ago during the Devonian period. These transitional creatures, such as Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, and Ichthyostega, developed lungs and robust limbs to navigate shallow, swampy, and, eventually, terrestrial environments.

Key Early Land Vertebrates & Evolution

• Transitional Forms: Tiktaalik is a crucial fossil exhibiting a mix of fish and tetrapod features, including limbs with bones, yet still possessing gills and scales.
• Early Tetrapods: Acanthostega and Ichthyostega are among the earliest, most complete fossilized tetrapods, showing clear, specialized limbs for movement on land.
• Adaptation Timing: While early tetrapods appeared around 375 Ma, they likely spent significant time in shallow water before becoming fully terrestrial.
• Evolutionary Significance: These animals descended from aquatic ancestors and eventually diversified into all modern amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds.
• Dietary Shift: Early land vertebrates were primarily carnivores, but researchers have recently found evidence of early plant-eaters, such as Tyrannoroter heberti, by the Carboniferous period.

But the rest of it is far too long to include here though there are plenty of very complete versions that you could easily find if you looked.

Of course you probably knew that already and are just trolling. But perhaps this answer may be useful to someone less stupid who is looking for the right words to explain things to a nine year old.

Source: (1002) Alan Cooper’s answer to Give me one piece of evidence of a change of kind to prove that the evolution theory is a fact? For example, a bird becoming a lion or a fish becoming an elephant, not a bird becoming a different type of bird? – Quora

It is not the total amount of inherited wealth that is a problem (indeed that is just a measure of the total wealth available for intergenerational transfer – which is basically all privately held wealth). And I think at various points this article fails to give more than lip service to the question of disproportionately large inheritances.

Of course, taxing large numbers of modest inheritances does not achieve redistribution unless the revenue is actually redistributed (eg by something like a UBI). But taxing inheritances (and gifts) at the same progressive rate as earned income could provide for some kind of Universal Fair Inheritance – which would leave the assets in private hands (eg for reinvestment etc), but just on a more equitable basis. And the problem of extracting taxes from illiquid assets of uncertain value like a functioning business could be solved by accepting an ownership share of the asset as an alternative to demanding payment in cash.

Source: Inherited wealth is a natural byproduct of a healthy, growing economy | Aeon Essays

Current attempts to create an Artificial Illusion of Intelligence are clearly not actually Intelligent.

For example Google’s AI mode response to the prompt “analemma” includes the following:

Formation of the Analemma

The analemma’s shape is a visual representation of the difference between apparent solar time (time measured by the actual position of the Sun) and mean solar time (uniform clock time). This discrepancy, known as the equation of time, arises from two primary factors: 

• Earth’s Axial Tilt: The Earth’s axis is tilted by approximately 23.5 degrees relative to its orbital plane. This tilt causes the Sun’s apparent height (declination) in the sky to change throughout the year, accounting for the north-south component of the figure-eight.

• Elliptical Orbit: Earth’s orbit around the Sun is an ellipse, not a perfect circle. The Earth moves faster when it is closer to the Sun (at perihelion in January) and slower when it is farther away (at aphelion in July). This variation in orbital speed creates the east-west component of the analemma’s shape. 

And this too is wrong (or at least so poorly worded as to be quite misleading). The noontime analemma is always oriented North-South and at the equator the figure eight is directly overhead but still oriented North-South (with the small loop at the top if you tilt your head back facing North and at the bottom if you do the same while facing South). And the only way to make it resemble an infinity symbol is to look up at it while facing East or West.

But, coming back to the nonsense about orbital speed, we see something of what is going on. There are hundreds of accurate accounts of the phenomenon available, but because of the popularity of bad science writing there are more wrong accounts. And the poor old A(I)I-bot doesn’t have the wit to tell the good from the bad and so just reproduces whatever it sees more of.

Source: analemma – Google Search

I would say yes, although I think of the word “conscious” as an adjective corresponding to having some threshold level of a continuously ranged property called “consciousness”, and so as not being well defined until that threshold level is specified. The reason I would say “yes” is because I interpret the word “consciousness” as referring to a property of information processing systems which corresponds roughly to the extent to which the information being processed includes a description of the internal state of the processor (which of course can never be 100% for a finite system), and I see no reason why a brain in a vat should not be able to process (ie “think about”) some aspects of its own thought processes. This might be more difficult if the brain had never been given any external data to process, but if it had any prior contact with an “external world” then I don’t see why it could not continue to think about those experiences – and also to think about what it had been thinking.

Source: Can a ‘brain in a vat’ be conscious? | Scientific American